Insanity and the Necessity of Madness in King Lear Essay

The Necessity of Madness in King Lear At the beginning of â€Å"King Lear,† an authoritative and willful protagonist dominates his court, making a fateful decision by rewarding his two treacherous daughters and banishing his faithful one in an effort to preserve his own pride. However, it becomes evident during the course of the tragedy that this protagonist, Lear, uses his power only as a means of projecting a persona, which he hides behind as he struggles to maintain confidence in himself. This poses a problem, since the audience is prevented from feeling sympathy for the king. Shakespeare’s ironic solution is to allow Lear’s progressing madness to be paired with his recognition of truth, thereby forcing Lear to shed his persona, and†¦show more content†¦In working so hard to project this persona, Lear is untrue to himself, and loses sight of who he is. Even the scheming Goneril and Regan notice that their father â€Å"hath ever but/ slenderly known himself.† (I, i, 282-283) This ma kes Lear a very insecure person, which explains in part why he insists that his daughters stroke his ego before receiving any of his kingdom. His identity crisis is highlighted when he asks who can verify who he is, and the response by the Fool is: â€Å"Lear’s shadow.† (I, iv, 251) At this point in the play, Lear is sane and is still the monarch of the kingdom. Nevertheless, the Fool’s insightful comment insists that Lear is nothing more than a shadow of his true self. Plato would say that he is trapped in the shadow world of the cave, unable to grasp the true forms.[5] This self-imposed persona estranges Lear from his audience; his vulnerability as a human is masked by his rash behavior and unjust decisions. Bloom says that â€Å"before he goes mad, Lear’s consciousness is beyond ready understanding; his lack of self-knowledge, blended with his awesome authority, makes him unknowable by us.†[6] Without understanding a character, an audience is mo st definitely unable to sympathize with him, and here we run into a potentially problematic issue. Aristotle believes thatShow MoreRelatedClear Vision in Shakespeares King Lear Essay1821 Words   |  8 PagesSeeing Clearly in King Lear      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  King Lear of Britain, the protagonist in Shakespeares tragic play of the same name undergoes radical change as a man, father and king as he is forced to bear the repercussions of his actions. Lear is initially portrayed as being an egotistical ruler, relying on protestations of love from his daughters to apportion his kingdom. Lears tragic flaw is the division of his kingdom and his inability to see the true natures of people because of his pride while hisRead More Madness and Insanity in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay3091 Words   |  13 PagesHamlet and Insanity      Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare’s creation of the character of Hamlet within the tragedy of that name left open the question of whether the madness of the protagonist is entirely feigned or not. This essay will treat this aspect of the drama.    George Lyman Kittredge in the Introduction to The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, explains the lack of success with Hamlet’s pretended insanity, and in so doing he implies that the madness is entirely feigned and not real:Read MoreExistentialism : What s It All About And Who Cares?3875 Words   |  16 Pagesfilms of director Bernardo Bertolucci (such as â€Å"Before the Revolution† of 1964); and psychiatrist R D Laing (1927 – 1989) defines psychosis and schizophrenia in Existential terms. Shakespeare’s (1564 – 1616) drama (particularly in â€Å"Hamlet† and â€Å"King Lear,† for instance), is profoundly Existential. The nature of Existentialism: In this introduction we’ll consider the â€Å"mainstream† Existentialism espoused in particular by Sartre. This is categorized as â€Å"anti-idealist† (there is a â€Å"real world† out there

Antigone Human Law Vs. Divine Law - 1418 Words

Lauren Wolfson Professor Neil Scharnick THR 3270 History of Classical Theatre 30 November 2016 Antigone: Human Law vs. Divine Law The most prominent theme in â€Å"Antigone† by Sophocles is the conflict of divine law vs. human law; it is the driving force behind the entire play. It is an issue of which law is the right law, and if Creon s and Antigone s acts were justifiable. It is also a question of what motivates them both to act as they do and if they were predestined to their fates due to their ties to a doomed family. There is also a significance of which character is in the play more and which holds more power of the play. Divine law involves morals and beliefs that are presented by the gods and most obviously this type of law is in effect when the idea of morals are apparent, such as when a moral decision must be made. Divine law is not only in decisions, but also in the everyday actions of people. Human law is more based around governing the land and community and is directly and immediately enforced. Antigone herself disobeys human law that was set up by King Creon, a law that went against the beliefs she held towards the law of the gods. Charles Paul Segal wrote in his essay Sophocles Praise of Man and the Conflicts of the Antigone that the characters, like the play itself, have many levels which fuse organically, sometimes indistinguishably, into a complex unity; and here the confrontations of the two protagonists create an ever-ramifying interplayShow MoreRelatedAntigone: Divine Law vs. Human Law Essay2108 Words   |  9 Pagesentitled Antigone was written by a man named Sophocles, a scholarly author of philosophy and logic. The play Antigone is probably one of the most prominent interpretations of a tragic drama. The two main characters of the play are Antigone and Creon. There is much conflict between Antigone and Creon throughout the play, both of them having their own ideas and opinions regarding divine law versus human law. The theme that I am going to analyze is the conflict of divine law vs. human law. The reasonRead MoreMain Theme Of Antigone942 Words   |  4 Pagesthe way that society functions. In  Antigone  by Sophocles, themes exist such as determination, the conflict between conscience and law, the conflict between divine and human law, and familial loyalty.  One key and central theme of Antigone is the importance of loyalty to family, which is shown through Antigones determination and dedication to her family, her conviction in the law of the gods, and her essence and personality as a dynamic character. In  Antigone,  the protagonists, Antigones, mainRead MoreHuman Law Vs. Divine Law1487 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Law vs. Divine Law Morality is principles that determines the distinction between right and wrong action, or good and bad behavior. There is also a link that being moral should be determined by either human law or divine law. The play â€Å"Antigone†, by Sophocles, shows the complexity of this certain concept of morality. Antigone must determine whether she should defy King Creon’s law in order to bury her brother, Polynices, or reject her own religious beliefs in order to maintain in the King’sRead MoreAntigone Moral Dilemma1253 Words   |  6 Pagesquestion in the play Antigone by Sophocles is the value of human law vs. divine law. In this tragic play a newly appointed king Creon declares to his people that treason was committed during battle, and one of the two brothers (Polyneices) killed shall not be buried according to the Gods, but instead He shall be left unburied for all to watch the corpse mutilated and eaten by carrion-birds and by dogs (Sophocles, 1900.). This dilemma is felt by many, especially Antigone (sister of the deceased)Read MoreThe Conflict Between Antigone And Creon836 Words   |  4 PagesIn Sophocles’ tragedy, Antigone, Sophocles follows Aristotle’s definition of tragedy which is constructed in six parts: plot, character, diction, thought, spectacle, and song. Although these six parts are used to produce a successful tragedy, thought is especially important in Antigone because it encapsulates the plot of the play. The thought, or the theme, is revealed in the dialogue from the Prologue to the Second Episode. As a result, Antigone’s and Creon’s dialogue exhibits two interrelated themes:Read MoreReview Of Oedipus Rex 1342 Words   |  6 Pagesthe play. Antigone Reading Questions How is this version of Creon in comparison to the Creon presented in Oedipus Rex? Why? - In the myth about Oedipus Rex, Creon is portrayed as an honest, fair character who uses reason when confronted. For example, when Oedipus accuses him of conspiring against him, Creon explains to why he has no need for Oedipus’ crown. When the truth is revealed about Oedipus, Creon is also shown as understanding towards his troubles. In the myth of Antigone, Creon is depictedRead MoreDivine Law Vs. Human Law1510 Words   |  7 PagesWritten Assignment Divine Law vs. Human Law West Islip High School Là ©na Seltzer 003996-0069 May 2017 1472 Words Religion and State have historically battled over value of importance. For centuries, laws have been set forth to further the separation between the two. While good intentions were utilized in the creation of these statutes, it is challenging to shift the mindset of civilians who have worshiped religion above the state their entire lives. In the play, Antigone, Sophocles dramatizesRead MoreThe Conflict Of Sophocles Antigone1500 Words   |  6 PagesSophocles’ Antigone centers around a familial feud that develops between Antigone and Creon when Antigone decides to bury her brother and Creon’s niece, Polyneices. While Antigone believes that it is her religious and familial duty to bury her brother, Creon objects, citing the Theban civil war which took place right before the events of the play. Adhering to Greek literary tradition, Sophocles ultimately seeks not just to entertain the audience but also to teach a moral lesson, in this case aboutRead MoreSophocles Antigon e By Sophocles1892 Words   |  8 PagesAntigone †¢ Title: Antigone by Sophocles †¢ Genre: Play; Tragic drama †¢ Historical context: Written circa, 442 B.C.E. in Athens Greece. Performed circa, 441 B.C.A. Its literary period was classical. While Antigone was the first written of Sophocles’ three Theban plays, it was the last of the trilogy. It was performed during a time of national unrest. Sophocles was appointed to serve as a general in a military crusade against Samos. The significance of the historical events during that timeRead MoreComparison Of Oedipus The King And Antigone By Sophocles944 Words   |  4 PagesOedipus the King and Antigone. In Oedipus the King, Oedipus caused his fate to become real by running from it. He killed his father and made love to his mother even though he had no idea who they were he was still punished. He passed the punishment of his sins to the rest of his family when he gouged out his eyeballs and banished himself from the city. In Antigone Oedipus’s sons killed each other in battle over the throne and helped Creon take over the th rone. He made a law that no one could bury

Essay on Harriet Tubman - 1187 Words

Harriet Tubman Harriet Tubman was a poor slave girl who ran away from her plantation at the age of 28. Throughout the course of her life many people and many things challenged her. Each situation she was faced with tested either her mental or physical strength, usually both. She persevered through all of her trials stronger and wiser, and was willing to always help others through their own. Not one to instigate unless extremely necessary, Harriet was known for her quick thinking and her reactions to each ordeal she was faced with. She responded to them with a sharp mind, and strong faith in deliverance through the Lord. Harriet Tubman was born under the name of Araminta Ross in either 1820 or 1821 on a plantation in Dorchester†¦show more content†¦She was also no longer known by her basket name, Araminta. Now she would be called Harriet. Yet she always insisted that the Lord addressed her by the name Araminta. In 1844, Harriet received permission from her master to marry John Tubman, a free black man. For the next five years Harriet lived in a state of semi-slavery: she remained legally a slave, but her master allowed her to live with her husband. Since Harriet was still a slave she knew there was a chance that she could be sold and her marriage split apart. Harriet dreamed of traveling north. There, she would be free and not have to worry about her marriage being split up by the slave trade. But John did not want her to go north. He said he was fine where he was and that there was no reason for moving north. He told her that if she ran off, he would tell her master. She did not believe him until she saw his face and then she knew he meant it. The death of her master in 1847, followed by the death of his young son and heir in 1849, made Tubmans status uncertain. Amid rumors that the familys slaves would be sold to settle the estate, Tubman fled to the North and found freedom. But when there, in Philadelphia, she grew terribly lonely. She worked for the year and saved her money, determined to bring her people to freedom, as well. In 1850 Harriet helped her first slaves escape: her sister and her sisters two children. ThatShow MoreRelatedHarriet Tubman Essay2304 Words   |  10 PagesHarriet Tubman By Blake Snider December 5, 2010 Professor J Arrieta Seminar Critical Inquiry Harriet Tubman is a woman of faith and dignity who saved many African American men and women through courage and love for God. One would ponder what would drive someone to bring upon pain and suffering to one’s self just to help others. Harriet Tubman was an African American women that took upon many roles during her time just as abolitionist, humanitarian, and a UnionRead MoreHarriet Tubman Essay586 Words   |  3 PagesHarriet Tubman Harriet Tubman was a very interesting women. Harriet Tubman, was born as Araminta Ross in 1819 or 1820 in Dorchester County, Maryland. Araminta Tubman had changed her name to Harriet after her mother, and Ross of course was after her father. Harriet was born into slavery. There were eight children in her family and she was the sixth. Her mother died when she was only five years old. The first person that ownedRead More Harriet Tubman Essay552 Words   |  3 Pages Harriet Tubman was an important African American who ran away from slavery and guided runaway slaves to the north for years. During the Civil War she served as a scout, spy, and nurse for the United States Army. After that, she worked for the rights of blacks and women. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Harriet Tubman was really named Araminta Ross, but she later adopted her mother’s first name. She was one of eleven children of Harriet Greene and Benjamin Ross. She was five when she worked on a plantationRead MoreHarriet Tubman And The Underground Railroad1510 Words   |  7 PagesThis memoir covers the life of Harriet Tubman who was a slave known for her extraordinary chip away at the Underground Railroad. Harriet Tubman was conceived in Dorchester County, Maryland on March, 1822. This novel discusses how Harriet Tubman had the capacity escape bondage in the south in the year of 1849 and looked for some kind of employment in the north. Particularly in Philadelphia, where she worked in inns to raise enough cash to bolster her needs. She would then migrate to Canada and inRead MoreEssay On Harriet Tubman1602 Words   |  7 PagesHarriet Tubman â€Å"I had reasoned this out in my mind, there was one of two things I had a right to, liberty or death; if I could not have one, I would have the other.† -Tubman The world was blessed with Harriet Tubman in 1822 on the eastern shore of Maryland. Unfortunately, Tubman was born into this world as a slave and lived on a plantation with her family, which consisted of four brothers and four sisters. Her parents named her Araminta â€Å"Minty† Ross but soon, with the coming of age, she changed herRead MoreEssay On Harriet Tubman1771 Words   |  8 PagesHarriet Tubman is well known for a successful role in freeing many slaves through the Underground Railroad. Not many know the major effect she had on the Union Army as a Scout and a spy during the Civil War. Her bravery while helping slaves escape through the Underground Railroad and her assistance in gathering Confederate troops intelligence as a spy changed the history and made a great impact on the on the United States National Defense. Even though Harriet Tubman was a very skillful spy, she hadRead MoreHarriet Tubman And The Underground Railroad1422 Words   |  6 PagesHarriet Tubman The Underground Railroad was a system set up to help escaping slaves safely survive their trip to the north. Harriet Tubman was a leader and one of the best conductors on the Underground Railroad. Harriet Tubman made a total of 19 trips into slave holding states freeing around a total of 300 slaves. Huckleberry Fin was written by Mark Twain, Jim one of the main characters was an escaped slave. Harriet Tubman played a significant role in liberating slaves as she worked as a conductorRead MoreHarriet Tubman And The Underground Railroad832 Words   |  4 PagesHarriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman was like a conductor on a train. Running the underground railroad to free innocent slaves from certain neglect. What do people think when they hear the name Harriet Tubman. some might think of her as a dirty black others might call her a hero, or moses. Harriet Tubman was a very brave, and courageous woman. In this paper we will explore the childhood, life of slavery, and how she came to be known as the women called moses. Araminta wasRead MoreThe Ingenious Works Of Harriet Tubman1061 Words   |  5 PagesThe ingenious works of Harriet Tubman, William Still, and Thomas Garrett pushed the abolitionist movement towards success. Due to the torturous conditions of slavery, these three individuals relentlessly worked towards their goal of having the Underground Railroad prosper. Harriet Tubman was one of the main and most well known conductors of the Underground Railroad, she led numerous trips to help deliver slaves to freedom over the course of her adult life. William Still assisted our modern historiansRead MoreSojourner Truth And Harriet Tubman947 Words   |  4 PagesSojourner truth and Harriet Tubman made a huge impact during slavery times. Sojourner Truth and Harriet Tubman were two women who were born into slavery. They both suffered from bad treatment from their owner. Also, they both later in their lives ran away from their enslavement. Sojourner Truth and Harriet Tubman both took part in issue s dealing with civil rights and were abolitionists. They both went different ways in helping other slaves with obtaining their freedom. Sojourner Truth was an abolitionist

HRM Practices and Correlation Analysis †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the HRM Practices and Correlation Analysis. Answer: Introduction Comfort Transportation Pte Ltd, generally known as Comfort, is a taxi company that is owned by ComfortDelgro Corporation Ltd. The company has been engaged in providing taxi services for meeting the needs of transportation in different cities in Singapore ("ComfortDelGro", 2017). The services which are offered by Comfort Transportation Pte Ltd are taxi booking services, limousine counters, limousine cab services, vouchers, cab charge payment, cashless payments, and hand care cab and so on. In the further discussion, the focused topic will be business goals, challenges and training need analysis of the company. On the other hand, task analysis for bringing proficiency, identification of individual learning needs along with the identification of the levels of training need analysis are also the given emphasis furthermore. The central goal of the company is to be established as worlds largest transport operator of consumers choice. The company always tries to anticipate its consumers requirements. Continuous up gradation with the objective of providing outstanding service to its customer is an important aim of the company. Foster the environment of trust through engaging the people, to whom the services have been served, is the unique characteristic present in the company. The company has an aim of rewarding its shareholders by delivering sustainable and steady results with the growth and development of the business (Bergenhenegouwen, 2016). Mentoring the staff by providing a challenging environment and plenty opportunities for development and growth is one of the most key objectives. It has aimed at strengthening the abilities and capabilities of the staff through efficient training, recruitment and effective career planning. The company always sets realistic and challenging goals. Comfort Transportat ion Pte Ltd. believes in the fact that customer satisfaction is the utmost aspect which can ensure the success. With these goals and targets, Comfort must prepare itself to address the alarming challenges which the company and this particular industry are facing altogether. Organisation Training Need Analysis Training need analysis (TNA) is also known as training need assessment which implies the method of identifying the need for organising training programme. An organisational analysis of training needs mainly focuses on the organisation and its activities as a whole. It also has the responsibility of determining those areas where training is needed. With the particular method, identification of the conditions upon which the training will be accomplished can be done accurately (Bartram, Gibson, 2017). The areas which are identified within the organisational analysis are business goals, environmental impacts, availability of resources and expertise. Analysis of the types and extent of organisational support which must be provided by the management to the employees can also be done with the method. Besides, conducting attitude survey, a collection of customer feedback complaints and observing the staff behaviour towards the customer are the functions accomplished by the method. The analysis also helps to change the technologies which have been used by the company. Keeping the technologies updated will ensure the survival of the company in the rapidly changing business environment (Zhang, Wang, 2017). Changing the workforce strategies and demographics as per the future challenges of the company, Comfort must have been accomplished through organisational training need analysis. Task analysis mainly provides an in-depth assessment of different components of a particular job or a set of jobs. Recognition of the required skills, abilities and knowledge for the achievement of predetermined goals is the primary objective of the analysis. By conducting a task analysis the job description, standard of performance and analysis of operating system can be done in a systematic and proper way. In this context, job description refers a wide explanation of the purpose, scopes, responsibilities and duties involved in a particular job. The job description is considered as the immediate result of job analysis (Bergenhenegouwen, 2016). It also describes working conditions, conditions of employment, employees activities, required training and the customer needs. Proper identification of performance gaping i.e. comparing the given performance with the predetermined standards is an important function of task analysis. Through a detailed task analysis, the information of each specified jobs along with the skills, attitudes abilities and knowledge areas can be accurately determined (Zhang, Wang, 2017). The task or functional analysis also involves analysis of the operating system. Significantly, it includes the analysis of waste, downtime, quality control, late delivery, and repairs and so on. Through the task analysis method, the type and extent of hazards and risks involved in a particular job can be appropriately explained to the appointed individuals (Berman, 2015). In this way, a task analysis organised by Comfort will play a significant role in determining observable actions and tacit cognitive functions needed for proficiency and sometimes excellence in any identified job tasks. Individual Learning Needs Analysis Individual learning need analysis focuses how an individual employee is delivering performance through application of his skills, knowledge and abilities. The need analysis determines which employees require training and what kind of training is needed to be conducted (Uysal, 2012). Through the analysis, the evaluation of performance including identification of weaknesses and threats can be done for betterment purpose. Performance related troubles such as accidents; productivity, absenteeism, equipment utilizations and employee grievance can be resolved through individual learning need analysis. By conducting this type of analysis, the functions i.e. measuring employee morale, motivation and observing employee behaviour along with its results can be accomplished (Taylor, 2013). Through attitude survey, the measurement of job satisfaction is also an important aspect of the analysis. Organising interviews by concerned supervisors for measuring job-related qualities i.e. required skills , abilities and attitudes of the employees can be done through this method. Overall it can be stated that through individual learning needs analysis and implementing the solutions in actual practice the employee-management relations of Comfort Transportation can be improved effectively. Based on the findings of the three levels of training needs analysis the learning outcomes of the training programmes will consist of some important aspects. The aspects are, training makes the organisation and its people fit for the task to which the people are likely to be matched (Terry, 2007). Training helps to develop and prepare the organisational people to accept the changing requirements of the job to which they are assigned. Such programme prevents obsolescence of the requirements of manpower or human capital. Effectively, the process creates a better corporate identity and image. On the other hand, it also enhances organisational flexibility and stability. The process also updates, strengthens and improves the capabilities and knowledge based on the environmental changes. It has the outcome which improves the interpersonal and behavioural skills of the organisational people. It ensures continuous opportunities to improve performances of the assigned people (Terry, 2007). Through the overall analysis, the efficiency and effectiveness of Comforts performance can be determined by evaluating and removing the loopholes. This evaluation tools determine the usefulness of the training interventions. As the outcome of the whole analysis, the evaluation of the participants learning is considered as one of the most important aspects of the process. Conclusion Conclusively it can be stated that as the organising training programme is a cost-effective issue, the need analysis at all levels must be done properly to avoid unnecessary expenses and loss of the concerned organisation. In this present competitive business environment, all the taxi companies in Singapore including Comfort need to develop suitable and appropriate business strategies. Along with this, proper training need assessment must be done for the individual and as well as the organisational development. The analysis is necessary because an organisations abilities and capabilities majorly define the path through which a particular company overcame its threats and challenges to become a milestone in a particular industry. References Bartram, S., Gibson, B. (2017).Training needs analysis(1st ed.). Aldershot, England: Gower. Bergenhenegouwen, G. (2016). Competence development ? a challenge for HRM professionals: core competences of organizations as guidelines for the development of employees.Journal Of European Industrial Training,20(9), 29-35. Berman, E. (2015). HRM in Development: Lessons and Frontiers.Public Administration And Development,35(2), 113-127. ComfortDelGro. (2017).Comfortdelgro.com. Retrieved May 2017, from https://www.comfortdelgro.com/ourcompany.aspx?id=4 Taylor, P. (2013).How to design a training course(1st ed.). London: Continuum. Terry, C. (2007). Enabling staff to access the knowledge they need, when they need it.Industrial And Commercial Training,39(7), 368-371. Uysal, G. (2012). For the development of effective HRM systems: inter-relationships between HRM practices using correlation analysis.World Review Of Entrepreneurship, Management And Sustainable Development,8(1), 1. Zhang, S., Wang, Z. (2017). Correction: Inferring Passenger Denial Behavior of Taxi Drivers from Large-Scale Taxi Traces.PLOS ONE,12(2).

Business Economics Apply Model Economics - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Report for Business Economics of Apply Model Economics. Answer: 1) Economic models apply economic theory to explain and forecast parametric changes in economic variables over time under certain specific assumption. Hence simplified approximations of the real-life economic situations are represented by economic models. However, economic models are said to be unrealistic. The main reason behind this kind of statement is that an economic model is formed under a considerable number of assumptions most of which might not hold in the real world. Hence, when these assumptions are relaxed, the model loses its validity and fails to explain economic outcomes. Economic models are meant to be simplified representation of the real world. However, since the assumptions do not mostly hold in the real world, sometimes economic models fail to serve the real purpose. (Hindriks, 2008) Economic models are essentially based on certain assumptions which may be either crucial or simplifying. These assumptions are made to simplify complex real-life economic situations enabling economic theory to interpret outcomes of the real economy and also forecast the future. Once the outcome of a model is arrived at, the assumptions are relaxed one at a time to get a closer approximation of the real economic situation concerned because these assumptions generally do not hold in reality. On the flip side, since these economic models are fundamentally based on subjective assumptions, they may produce absolutely different results when any of these assumptions is relaxed or even altered. This indicates the possible failure of an economic model to predict economic outcomes for the real world. This theory validates the given statement. (Syll, 2010) Let us consider the Simple Keynesian model (SKM). It assumes that demand creates its own supply, the price level remains fixed, the economy is closed, there is excess production capacity in the economy, etc. Based on all these assumptions, it gives the outcome of equilibrium of aggregate supply and demand in the economy. However, in the real world these assumptions do not always hold. Demand does not necessarily create its own supply. Price levels are not fixed because there are instances of inflation. Moreover, almost no economy in the world is closed. Hence almost most of the assumptions on which the model is based do not hold true. If these assumptions are relaxed the model will lose its validity. Moreover, it does not consider some main economic parameters like money and interest rates that play major roles in determining the aggregate demand in the economy. So the model is not a proper approximation of the real world. (Mankiw, 2006) 2) In Australia negative gearing is an instrument of tax that entitles investors to tax deductions on incurring losses on property investments made on financial loans. Investors can secure themselves against losses from property investments by receiving a tax deduction equal to the amount of the loss. (Koulizos, 2016) 60 percent of the landlords in Australia incurred losses of around $10,000 in the year 2013-2014. However, because of the prevalence of the policy of negative gearing, these losses were recovered via income tax reductions of the respective amounts. Negative gearing, hence, encourages potential investors to invest in properties without facing losses because of the existing insurance of negative gearing. This acts as a major component of aggregate demand. In the long run, this helps expand the investment opportunities in an economy and also boosts economic growth to a large extent. A removal of negative gearing implies that the insurance policy against investment losses is withdrawn. This would evidently discourage economic agents from investing in properties any further. Even if they do invest, the scale of investment would reduce by a large extent with respect to the entire economy. (Cahill, 2016) This would lead to a distortion in prices as well as rents in the housing market in the short run because there will be a demand-supply mismatch. But, some economists suggest that in the long run, this might actually be favorable for the economy as a whole (Jericho, 2016) The above figure represents the removal of negative gearing from the economy. As negative gearing is removed, investment in properties falls which leads to a fall in the supply of houses in the medium and long run. This is represented by a leftward shift of the supply curve from SS to SS. Other things remaining constant, there is no reason why this fall in supply will be accompanied by any reduction in demand. Thus demand for houses or rental properties remains unaltered. Thus, prices go up from P* to P to equilibrate demand and the new supply as at point E. Hence, if negative gearing is removed, rents and prices get distorted, generally in the upward direction. This exerts a negative effect on investors in general, especially on individual investors like parents purchasing houses as an investment instrument for their children. Moreover, people leasing houses would also be affected because of the sudden disruption in rents. Given certain parameters and conditions, rents and prices may not after all increase on the removal of negative gearing. (Janda, 2016) On the other hand, considering the case of largescale sale of properties by landlords and other investors, the supply of houses may actually increase shifting the supply curve outward. This would in fact lead to a fall in the price of houses and also rents. 3) The excise tax is $ 0.537 per cigarette. (as on 1st July 2016) The aggregate excise tax on 20 cigarettes is $ (0.537 x 20) = $10.74 $11 The new price of 20 packet cigarettes is $ (10 + 11) = $21 The tax would affect sellers in the following way: In the above figure, DD is the demand curve for cigarettes and SS is the supply curve of cigarettes. The equilibrium is established at E with price P* and quantity Q*. When an excise tax is imposed, the price goes up. This increased price is divided between buyers and sellers by increasing the price paid by buyers and reducing the price received by sellers. Thus, as the price received by sellers falls and the quantity supplied also falls. Therefore, the total revenue of the tobacco producers declines to a considerable extent. On imposition of a tax, the price goes up from P* to PB. However, the increased price does not reflect the entire amount of the tax. The buyers have to pay PB whereas the sellers receive only PS. The tax rate is (PB PS) = $0.537. On the welfare grounds, the consumer surplus reduces by the area A and the producer surplus falls by the area B. Though this seems to be a loss of welfare apparently, this actually results in the improvement of social welfare with resp ect to health parameters. The tax rate is proportionately divided between buyers and sellers and the proportions can be arbitrary. Here the respective elasticities play a major role. The respective proportions depend on the elasticity of demand for tobacco and the elasticity of the supply of tobacco. The agent who will pay the higher proportion of the tax has lesser elasticity relative to the other. The general assumption is that the demand elasticity of cigarettes is relatively much low compared to the supply elasticity of cigarettes which is relatively higher. Cigarette being an addiction good is generally demand inelastic. Hence, buyers would pay more tax than sellers as shown in the following diagram: In the above figure, DD is the demand curve which is relatively inelastic as compared with the supply curve SS. As can be seen from the figure, consequently the tax share of buyers given by the area A is more than that of the sellers represented by the area B. Thus, buyers bear a higher part of the total tax revenue. 4) The French company DCNS took up the contract of building the Australian submarines at a price of $50b. There are many economic reasons behind giving the contract of producing all twelve submarines to only one firm and not to various firms. Cost minimization is the main motive and this would benefit both the producer and the Australian economy. Suppose the contract was given out to 4 different firms where each would have to produce 3 submarines. In this case, the aggregate cost borne by 4 different firms to produce 3 submarines each would exceed the cost borne by DCNS for the production of the 12 submarines. Here, the law of diminishing costs operates. This implies that with increase in the units of the commodity, costs go on falling. The cost would be minimized with the maximum production. This would translate into reduced prices that the Australian government would have to pay. In case 4 firms were to produce 3 submarines each, the price charged from the Australian government mig ht have been $15b for each firm which would add up to a total cost of $60b which exceeds the $50b that its already paying to DCNS. Bulk orders are generally more appealing to any producer. Thus, if one producer is given to produce the entire order, the work can be done more efficiently, at the minimum cost and accurately. This is beneficial for the Australian government and economy as well as the producer or firm taking up the order; which in this case is DCNS. Thus, the Australian government has proper economic justification in providing the entire contract to DCNS because this not only reduces the cost but also ensures efficient production.. This can be shown as follows: When each firm has 3 submarines to produce, an average total cost of $5b per submarine is incurred. However when one firm has to produce 12 submarines, the average total cost is $3b per submarine. Hence if each firm produces 3 submarines, the total cost would $15b. However, in this case when only one firm is producing all the submarines, $36b is the aggregate cost. Hence, as the number of submarines produced by a firm increases, the total cost falls. If however, 4 firms were to produce 3 submarines each the total cost would be greater. Thus the deal of all the 12 submarines being produced by DCNS only is beneficial for the Australian economy as a whole. (Henderson, 2016) References Mankiw, N. (2006). Macroeconomics. USA: Wh Freeman. Pindyck, R., Rubinfeld, D. (2008). Microeconomics. USA: Pearson Education. Varian, H. (2009). Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach. USA: W.W. Norton Company. Hindriks, F. (2008). False Models as Explanatory Engines. Retrieved from https://www.rug.nl/staff/f.a.hindriks/false_models_as_explanatory_engines.pdf Syll, L. (2010). What is (wrong with) economic theory?. Retrieved from https://www.paecon.net/PAEReview/issue55/Syll55.pdf Koulizos, P. (2016). How negative gearing works. Retrieved from https://www.realestate.com.au/advice/how-negative-gearing-works/ Jericho, G. (2016). How negative gearing replaced the great Australian dream and distorted the economy. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/business/grogonomics/2016/apr/28/how-negative-gearing-replaced-the-great-australian-dream-and-distorted-the-economy Cahill, D. (2016). What are the options with negative gearing?. Retrieved from https://www.realestate.com.au/news/qa-what-are-the-options-with-negative-gearing/ Janda, M. (2016). Relax, we have nothing to fear from negative gearing reform. Retrieved from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-15/janda-nothing-to-fear-from-negative-gearing-reform/7168716 Henderson, A. (2016). Australian submarines to be built in Adelaide after French company DCNS wins $50b contract. Retrieved from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-26/pm-announces-france-has-won-submarine-contract/7357462