Security Of Security Engineering Models - 1056 Words

1 Running head: SECURITY ENGINEERING MODELS 9 SECURITY ENGINEERING MODELS Security Engineering Models Meng Ping Lin Liberty University Security Engineering CSCI 612 Dr. Alfred Basta March 26, 2017 Abstract The article focuses on the model of security engineering, which can be separated into two different parts: operational and controllable. The operational part of model provides useful data on the performance of the system. With the collected data, it can lead to creating a better result on the second part of the model which is to define the security controls. Security control provides the measurement of the system. For each phase, there is a certain control that needs to be performed. With the two models combine it†¦show more content†¦Document the high-level concept and bring into the next phase, design phase. The second phase is called design phase. Capture the information from the previous phase and establish a plan. A plan that provides an architectural view to put into action. â€Å"The design phase comes after a good understanding of customer’s requirements† (Alwan, 2015). The design phase is basically creating an action plan for the rest of the process to follow. The third phase is called the development phase. In the development phase, the engineers are focusing on the objectives. The fourth phase is called the deployment phase. During the deployment phase, the development product should fulfill the criteria of the customer. In some life cycle model, this stage usually being called integration, verification, and validation. Moreover, in the deployment phase, this is where the engineering’s object being integrated into the system (Marchant, 2013). The fifth phase is called the operations phase. The operation phase is simply making sure all activities are sustained and function properly. Not only making sure the objects are working, but also providing support, updates, and repairs. The last phase of the SDLC is called the retirement phase. Without the retirement phase, the security vulnerability may be exposed. Disposing the old system and making sure the API, and database is beingShow MoreRelatedThe Paradigm Of Multilateral Security1124 Words   |  5 Pagesdescribing security requirements, as reflected for example in the Common Criteria, an international standard to achieve comparability of independent IT security evaluations, starts with a description of the functional requirements, the system architecture, and its working environment. It then continues with a threat analysis that describes envisaged threats, possibly followed by an evaluation of the severity of threats through a risk analysis and ends with the definition of a security policy. ButRead MoreCombating Threat From Social Engineering1137 Words   |  5 PagesHuman - The Biggest Barrier in Combating Threat from Social engineering Abstract: Organizations are taking computer security more seriously every day, investing huge amounts of money in creating stronger defenses including firewalls, anti-virus software, biometrics and identity access badges. These measures have made the business world more effective at blocking threats from the outside, and made it increasingly difficult for hackers or viruses to penetrate systems. But there are still threats thatRead MoreApproaches to Risk Analysis Essay912 Words   |  4 PagesWhen planning any kind of project, especially an information security project, risk analysis is very important. Risk analysis, in the context of information security, is the process of assessing potential threats to an organization and the overall risk they pose to the continued operation of the organization. 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Security and access privileges will be defined at the role and department levels, with added authentication for system administrators and members of the IT staff. Role-based access to this government facility will be tracked continually and reported using real-time log reporting and analysis (Amsel, 1988). 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The Functions Of A Manager - 1490 Words

The functions of a manager can be considered a circle of actions in which each component leads to the next (Liebler McConnell, 2008, p. 52). The manager carries out activities in a complex unified manner. Gulick identified the traditional functions of a manager and Urwick based on the earlier work of Henri Fayol; the classic functions of a manager are planning, decision making, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling. Manager must continually establish and maintain internal and external organizational relationships to achieve an effective working rapport. They must monitor the organizations environment to anticipate change and bring about the adaptive responses for the organization survival (Liebler McConnell, 2008, p. 52). In the Operating room some of the managers are Charge Nurses. Their primary role is to readjust the daily staffing patterns for the day for unexpected issues such as staff absenteeism. They do this by reviewing the daily surgery schedule for the day and then prepare to cover the staffing to accommodate the needs for that day. They also handle the changes in the surgery schedule as the day progresses. They however, are not involved with looking at the long term of the Operating Room such as with cost savings, future goals or in long-term functionality. The Charge Nurses role is to get through their shift while they meet the immediate needs for the Operating Room (Liebler McConnell, 2008, p. 52-56). The Operating Room also has itsShow MoreRelatedThe Functions Of A Manager1689 Words   |  7 PagesThe functions of a manager can be considered a circle of actions in which each component leads to the next (Liebler McConnell, 2008, p. 52). The manager carries out activities in a complex unified manner. 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Deception Point Page 31 Free Essays

More laughter this time. â€Å"And,† she said, glancing down at the bottom of the screen, â€Å"I had certainly not imagined I would be sitting at the President’s desk†¦ much less on it!† This brought a hearty laugh and some broad smiles. Rachel felt her muscles starting to relax. We will write a custom essay sample on Deception Point Page 31 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Just give it to them straight. â€Å"Here’s the situation.† Rachel’s voice now sounded like her own. Easy and clear. â€Å"President Herney has been absent from the media spotlight this past week not because of his lack of interest in his campaign, but rather because he has been engrossed in another matter. One he felt was far more important.† Rachel paused, her eyes making contact now with her audience. â€Å"There has been a scientific discovery made in a location called the Milne Ice Shelf in the high Arctic. The President will be informing the world about it in a press conference tonight at eight o’clock. The find was made by a group of hardworking Americans who have endured a string of tough luck lately and deserve a break. I’m talking about NASA. You can be proud to know that your President, with apparent clairvoyant confidence, has made a point of standing beside NASA lately through thick and thin. Now, it appears his loyalty is going to be rewarded.† It was not until that very instant that Rachel realized how historically momentous this was. A tightness rose in her throat, and she fought it off, plowing onward. â€Å"As an intelligence officer who specializes in the analysis and verification of data, I am one of several people the President has called upon to examine the NASA data. I have examined it personally as well as conferring with several specialists-both government and civilian-men and women whose credentials are beyond reproach and whose stature is beyond political influence. It is my professional opinion that the data I am about to present to you is factual in its origins and unbiased in its presentation. Moreover, it is my personal opinion that the President, in good faith to his office and the American people, has shown admirable care and restraint in delaying an announcement I know he would have loved to have made last week.† Rachel watched the crowd before her exchanging puzzled looks. They all returned their gaze to her, and she knew she had their undivided attention. â€Å"Ladies and gentlemen, you are about to hear what I’m sure you will agree is one of the most exciting pieces of information ever revealed in this office.† 35 The aerial view currently being transmitted to the Delta Force by the microbot circling inside the habisphere looked like something that would win an avant-garde film contest-the dim lighting, the glistening extraction hole, and the well-dressed Asian lying on the ice, his camel-hair coat splayed around him like enormous wings. He was obviously trying to extract a water sample. â€Å"We’ve got to stop him,† said Delta-Three. Delta-One agreed. The Milne Ice Shelf held secrets his team was authorized to protect with force. â€Å"How do we stop him?† Delta-Two challenged, still gripping the joystick. â€Å"These microbots are not equipped.† Delta-One scowled. The microbot currently hovering inside the habisphere was a recon model, stripped down for longer flight. It was about as lethal as a housefly. â€Å"We should call the controller,† Delta-Three stated. Delta-One stared intently at the image of the solitary Wailee Ming, perched precariously on the rim of the extraction pit. Nobody was anywhere near him-and ice cold water had a way of muffling one’s ability to scream. â€Å"Give me the controls.† â€Å"What are you doing?† the soldier on the joystick demanded. â€Å"What we were trained to do,† Delta-One snapped, taking over. â€Å"Improvise.† 36 Wailee Ming lay on his stomach beside the extraction hole, his right arm extended over the rim trying to extract a water sample. His eyes were definitely not playing tricks on him; his face, now only a yard or so from the water, could see everything perfectly. This is incredible! Straining harder, Ming maneuvered the beaker in his fingers, trying to reach down to the surface of the water. All he needed was another few inches. Unable to extend his arm any farther, Ming repositioned himself closer to the hole. He pressed the toes of his boots against the ice and firmly replanted his left hand on the rim. Again, he extended his right arm as far as he could. Almost. He shifted a little closer. Yes! The edge of the beaker broke the surface of the water. As the liquid flowed into the container, Ming stared in disbelief. Then, without warning, something utterly inexplicable occurred. Out of the darkness, like a bullet from a gun, flew a tiny speck of metal. Ming only saw it for a fraction of a second before it smashed into his right eye. The human instinct to protect one’s eyes was so innately ingrained, that despite Ming’s brain telling him that any sudden movements risked his balance, he recoiled. It was a jolting reaction more out of surprise than pain. Ming’s left hand, closest to his face, shot up reflexively to protect the assaulted eyeball. Even as his hand was in motion, Ming knew he had made a mistake. With all of his weight leaning forward, and his only means of support suddenly gone, Wailee Ming teetered. He recovered too late. Dropping the beaker and trying to grab on to the slick ice to stop his fall, he slipped-plummeting forward into the darkened hole. The fall was only four feet, and yet as Ming hit the icy water head first he felt like his face had hit pavement at fifty miles an hour. The liquid that engulfed his face was so cold it felt like burning acid. It brought an instantaneous spike of panic. Upside down and in the darkness, Ming was momentarily disoriented, not knowing which way to turn toward the surface. His heavy camel-hair coat kept the icy blast from his body-but only for a second or two. Finally righting himself, Ming came sputtering up for air, just as the water found its way to his back and chest, engulfing his body in a lung-crushing vise of cold. â€Å"Hee†¦ lp,† he gasped, but Ming could barely pull in enough air to let out a whimper. He felt like the wind had been knocked out of him. â€Å"Heee†¦ lp!† His cries were inaudible even to himself. Ming clambered toward the side of the extraction pit and tried to pull himself out. The wall before him was vertical ice. Nothing to grab. Underwater, his boots kicked the side of the wall, searching for a foothold. Nothing. He strained upward, reaching for the rim. It was only a foot out of reach. Ming’s muscles were already having trouble responding. He kicked his legs harder, trying to propel himself high enough up the wall to grab the rim. His body felt like lead, and his lungs seemed to have shrunk to nothing, as if they were being crushed by a python. His water-laden coat was getting heavier by the second, pulling him downward. Ming tried to pull it off his body, but the heavy fabric stuck. â€Å"Help†¦ me!† The fear came on in torrents now. Drowning, Ming had once read, was the most horrific death imaginable. He had never dreamed he would find himself on the verge of experiencing it. His muscles refused to cooperate with his mind, and already he was fighting just to keep his head above water. His soggy clothing pulled him downward as his numb fingers scratched the sides of the pit. His screams were only in his mind now. And then it happened. Ming went under. The sheer terror of being conscious of his own impending death was something he never imagined he would experience. And yet here he was†¦ sinking slowly down the sheer ice wall of a two-hundred-foot-deep hole in the ice. Multitudes of thoughts flashed before his eyes. Moments from his childhood. His career. He wondered if anyone would find him down here. Or would he simply sink to the bottom and freeze there†¦ entombed in the glacier for all time. How to cite Deception Point Page 31, Essay examples

Clarity free essay sample

Question: Evaluate a significant experience, achievement, risk you have taken, or ethical dilemma you have faced and its impact on you. My fingertips brushed softly against the rustic railings of Trinity College; I could almost feel the knowledge seeping through the bars as I was reminded of a James Joyce story, Dubliners. Yet, above me the sun beat down intently, almost blinding my senses into a vague, foggy, perception of my surroundings. I looked left†¦ then right†¦ but only to find myself perplexed by the unfamiliarity of a foreign city; Dublin, Ireland. At this moment in time, my friend Molly and I had just diverted from our peers and teacher, Mr. Galligan, who had accompanied us on the Europe Trip 2011. We had been sent off in groups to explore Dublin for four hours, and to immerse ourselves into the culture, whether it was through sightseeing or eating at an Irish cafe. We will write a custom essay sample on Clarity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, embarking upon this journey, I soon realized that the various streets of Dublin had become an enigma beyond my comprehension. Each street mimicked the other, and the only landmark I could recall was the large railings that encompassed Trinity College. Our stomachs grumbled and gurgled ferociously as they longed for some morsel of food to fulfill our hunger craving. Yet, our quest for an Irish restaurant was deterred, as we were grappled by disorientation. Determined as I was, I soon traced every street in the central area of Dublin, and examined the stores and streets signs as I scoured the area. Then, to my amazement, the area became accustomed to my senses, and clarity began to pervade my mind. Ah, blissful delight. I had become an expert at navigating myself around the streets of Dublin. Finally, Molly and I sat down at a small cafe to eat a traditional Irish wrap that I savored, for it was well earned. This moment in Dublin will always remind me that in times of confusion it is always possible to work relentlessly and gain a better understanding. As found in the streets of Dublin, being lost can actually create a sense of clarity, a lesson that infiltrates my everyday routine. Each day that I am confronted with an arduous task, feeling lost and confused, I remember that with practice and determination, anything is within reach. Whether it is struggling to decipher an AP calculus question in class, or attempting a rigorous routine in cheerleading, I have found that challenges can be conquered. This life lesson acquired in Dublin will continue to remind me to never give up on any occasion, especially when the odds of succeeding seem low. Life is not only about taking risks, but taking every opportunity presented to you, and working at it with perseverance. College is now that next challenge I am ready to confidently confront with ambition and the ability to triumph over any obstacle . James Joyce claimed that to love Dublin you have to leave it. However, I have learned that to love Dublin (and life) you simply need to navigate it. I feel that some of that knowledge gained in Dublin truly must have rubbed off on me, as my fingertips brushed softly against the rustic railings of Trinity College.

Revitalization Movement an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Revitalization Movement As a being in this world, a person could have the advantageous and disadvantageous ability of being able to create a certain change. We have the power to influence change however big or small it may be. It would be advantageous since we could create a change for the best and it is disadvantageous since we could also influence change for the worst. Need essay sample on "Revitalization Movement" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed University Students Very Often Tell EssayLab professionals: Idon't want to write my paper. Because I want to spend time with my friends Essay writers suggest: Entrust Your Essay Paper To Us And Get A+ Online Essay Writing Company Essays Online For College Cheap Writing Service Reviews Cheap Essays Not Plagiarized A similar concept with what was said above is the concept of revitalization movement. This is usually the religious movement that could create a certain change in society (Smith). It was believed that the religion could pave the way into generating a certain change in the social sphere and in this aspect it could be seen that this could become a certain political movement. A good example of this movement is the Ghost Dance. This is a ritual among the Indians during the "white" colonization. It was said that this ritual signifies that sometime in the near future, the colonizer will no longer rule the land but they would become part of the land and the land proper ones more (Liggett). This has become a religion and plenty of the people converted to this religion. Their ceremony had ended up in a massacre were numerous Indians died. The uproar that the religion and ceremony had created a change in society since it was a way to get the colonizer to listen. Another example is the Cargo Cults where this religion focuses on the belief that a certain cargo, just like during World War II, from the supernatural would arrive for those who believe (Glines). The idea here then is that certain changes happen in society by using religious mean. The Ghost Dance Religion had at some point created an unknowingly tumult against the colonist by claiming the religion. The Cargo Cult, on the other hand, had also generated a societal change especially when it comes to war. Revitalization Movement could still extend to a more political pursuit just like the Black Nationalist but this would have to be a pure political movement. What is essential in this concept is its religious aspect. WORKS CITED Glines, C.V. "The Cargo Cults." Journal of the Air Force Association 74.1 (1991). Liggett, Lori. "The Wounded Knee Massacre". 1998. 1890s America: A Chronology. August 14 2007. Smith, Court. "Definitions of Anthropological Terms". Anthropological Resources. (June 23, 2007).

Lincon vs Kennedy essays

Lincon vs Kennedy essays Many people share similar aspects throughout their lives, but could two significantly relevant people shared such common lives that might even seem eerie. Abraham Lincon and John F. Kennedy were both assassinated. However, apparently there is more to connect them than that. A little part of US history makes you wonder if it is mere coincidence, or maybe planned? Where it all began, Abraham Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846. John F. Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946. Whereas Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860; John F. Kennedy was elected President in 1960. The names Lincoln and Kennedy each contain seven letters. Both were particularly concerned with civil rights. During their political lives in Washington, D.C., Lincon and Kennedy and their wives lost their children while living in the White House. Seemingly, both Presidents were shot on a Friday, in the head. A very unbelievable fact was that Lincoln's secretary was named Kennedy, and Kennedy's secretary was named Lincoln! Both were assassinated by Southerners, and were succeeded by Southerners with leaders named Johnson. Andrew Johnson, who succeeded Lincoln, was born in 1808. Lyndon Johnson, who succeeded Kennedy, was born in 1908. Another very significant aspect between Lincon and Kennedy was their assassination. John Wilkes Booth was born in 1839. Lee Harvey Oswald was born in 1939. Both assassins were known by their three names. Both names are comprised of fifteen letters. (Booth ran from the theater and was caught in a warehouse. Oswald ran from a warehouse and was caught in a theater.) However, Booth and Oswald were assassinated before their trials. The life of Abraham Lincon was different from that of John F. Kennedy, or was it? Although two significantly distinct figures in American History lived during two completely different centuries, eventually many facts were brought about that almost were exact. ...

Integrated Business Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Integrated Business Communication - Essay Example y a certain level of clarity, efficiency as well as inspirations in order to ensure the compliance of the workers to their responsibilities (Campbell, 2014). This is associated to success. There are several communication issues that most executives always face in their careers. As a future executive, it is within my perception that some of the most important issues in communication that will be faced comprise of the issue of technology, listening, socio-cultural barriers or differences as well as attitude management. Moreover, some of the most important issues of communication may focus on authority or hierarchy problems as well as gender bias (Campbell, 2014). Failure to listen is always very crucial in business communication. This is because it can always derail the success and thereby result to big failures in the organization. This should be avoided in all situations through adopting the most effective ways of communication. Cultural and social differences can also present several challenges in communication within the organization. This is because the employees always come from different ethnic backgrounds (Campbell, 2014). The other important issue is the technology. Most workers may have inadequate knowledge on the operational skills necessary for certain technologies. This may be a big challenge to the future executives. Therefore, in order to resolve all these issues, it is important to me as a future executive to know some of the ways to employ o=in order to effectively approach and so lve these issues so as to realize success in the organization. As a future executive, delivering messages to the staff will be paramount. Communicating to the workers will be the most important thing to me as the executive. However, since the organization will comprise of several departments, hierarchical ranks as well as employees of various social statuses, it will be necessary to ensure that the message delivered, or the form of communication employed is friendly to all

IAS 18 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

IAS 18 - Assignment Example According to IAS 18, revenue is simply the gross inflow of financial benefits (receivables, cash, and other assets) emanating from the normal operating activities of a business (like sales of services, sales of goods, royalties, dividends and interest) (Elliott & Elliott 2013 ). Accordingly, an exchange for services or goods of a comparable value and nature is not considered as a transaction that yields revenue. Though, exchanges for dissimilar goods and services are considered as revenue generation. Question Two IAS 18 outlines the underpinning principles for the recognition criteria for Revenue in three different parts. Identify each of the three parts and discuss the recognition criteria for each part. Basing on the above statement, there is a dissimilar approach taken to the realization or recognition of revenue particularly from the services that have been provided ( Holt, Tweedie, & Richard 2013). In short, instead of realizing the revenue at one point such as the sale of goods, it should be realized gradually. According to IAS 18, in order to estimate the outcome of a transaction reliably the following conditions are met: IAS 18 indicates the need to measure revenue at the fair value of the consideration received (Greuning 2001). However, in the case where the consideration or payment is deferred, the arrangement will constitute the substance of the transaction and a financing transaction. In such situations, the amount receivable is classified into: The key challenges associated with the implementing of IAS 18 Revenue is that its principles for revenue recognition are quite broad. In addition, under IAS 18, there is clarity on how to recognize revenue. Professional bodies have introduced the principle of IFRS 15 ( Bragg 2011). With this principle, a business recognizes revenue to show the transfer of services or goods to clients. In addition, it reflects the payment to

LL Bean Inc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

LL Bean Inc - Case Study Example However, by the time of his death, the company had grown immensely with annual sales averaging about $4.75 million and the number of employees standing at 200 (Schleifer, 1993, p. 2). The grandson expanded and modernized the business while sticking to his grandfather’s rule, â€Å"Sell good merchandise at a reasonable profit, treat your customers like humans beings, and they’ll always come back for more† and by 1991, the company was a leading catalogue manufacturer and retailer in outdoor sporting field (Schleifer, 1993, p. 2). Currently, the company has diversified into selling outdoor recreation equipment and clothing. L.L Bean opted not to expand its retail operations and instead stuck with the only retail store they had opened at Freeport. Leon Gorman explained this decision saying the catalog business and retail business were different and both required different types of management styles (Schleifer, 1993, p. 2). However, a Consumer Report survey ranked L.L.Bean as the most customer satisfying ‘mail-order’ company in the U.S. among its major competitors such as Eddie Bauer, Talbot’s, Land’s End and Orvis. In addition, the company’s product line was classified as hierarchical and whose highest level of aggregation is occupied by Merchandise Groups such as men’s and women’s apparel, footwear and accessories, camping equipment among many others (Schleifer, 1993, p. 2). Below each Group is Demand centers such as sweaters, pants, skirts, jackets among many others. The hierarchy continued with Item sequences followed by individual items distinguished b y color, which formed the basis of forecasting and purchases to replenish stock (Schleifer, 1993, p. 3). The problem of inventory management is a bone of contention, in this case. The problem of making forecasts for each individual item stocked by the company has been the main challenge facing the company because it’s hard to match demand and supply for items

Morphology Control in Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

Morphology Control in Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis Hammed A. Salami Introduction One of the most significant current discussions in the field of nanotechnology is the development of novel nanomaterials. When materials are reduced from bulk to the nanometer-scale dimension, they begin to exhibit unusual physical and chemical properties [1, 2]. Recently, researchers have shown an increased interest in the elucidation of the structure-function relationship of these novel nanomaterials [3, 4]. The availability of imaging techniques with nanometer resolution, such as electron microscopy has not only helped in visualizing the individual nanoparticles, but also, it has facilitated an understanding of some of the emerging properties of noble metal nanoparticles such as spectroscopic enhancement and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) [5, 6]. For noble-metal nanoparticles, these structure-function relationships have attracted significant research interests. This is because, unlike in bulk metal materials, the control of the chemical and physical properties of noble-metal nanoparticles is possible with a modification of their size and shape, and by varying the material composition [1, 6]. As a result of the unique roles played by size and shape in influencing the properties of noble-metal nanoparticles, researchers have continually focused on ways to reproducibly tailor these parameters in other to adapt the nanoparticles for optimal use in a wide range of applications, including biology[4], energy[7], sensing, spectroscopic enhancement[8-10] and catalysis [7, 11]. The size of nanoparticles influences their optical properties while the shape and crystallographic facets are the major factors that determine their catalytic and surface activities [12]. Nanoparticles with non-spherical structures are referred to as anisotropic nanoparticles. Examples include nanocubes, nanoprisms, nanorods, etc. [13]. They show pronounced shape-dependent properties and functionalities, therefore a great deal of research effort has been paid at developing synthetic strategies to get a high yield of anisotropic noble metal nanoparticles having uniform structures and controlled shape and size[5]. The deliberate control of shape has however proven to be the most challenging, despite being one of the useful parameters for optimizing the properties of noble metal nanoparticles. This is particularly more pronounced in gold nanoparticles synthesis [3, 14-16]. Of the many shapes of gold nanoparticles, gold nanorods have continued to attract the most attention [2]. This is largely due to the large number of synthetic methods available, the possibility of high monodispersity and the control over the aspect ratio, which accounts for the change in their optical properties [17]. When molecules are adsorbed on the surface of gold nanoparticles, they undergo surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effects. This is due to the coupling effect of the plasmon band of the irradiated metal with the molecules electronic states [18, 19]. For gold nanorods, two Plasmon bands are prominent. They are the longitudinal plasmon band and the transverse plasmon band. These bands correspond to light absorption and scattering along the long and short axis of the particle respectively [20-22]. While the longitudinal surface plasmon resonance increases with larger aspect ratios (length/diameter), the transverse surface plasmon resonance is usually on the same wavel ength as that of nanospheres, with no dependence on the aspect ratio[23]. The current high dependence on non-renewable feedstocks can be minimized with the production of fine chemicals, petrol-derived commodities and polymer precursors from biomass[24]. Supported gold nanoparticles have been found to be very active catalysts for a number of biomass transformation and many researchers have focused their attention in searching for the best supports, reaction conditions and mechanistic studies to improve their selectivity[25, 26]. Most catalytic studies in literature involving noble metal nanoparticles, either as mono- or bimetallic catalyst, are done with spherical nanoparticles [25-27]. The spherical nanoparticles used are usually immobilized onto suitable supports to form impregnated catalysts and in some cases they are preformed before immobilization [27]. To achieve this, methods such as wet impregnation, sol immobilization etc. are often used [28, 29]. These methods however, do not allow the control of morphology of the nanoparticles. There is therefore the need to develop an understanding of morphology control in the synthesis of anisotropic noble metal nanoparticles with high yield. It would also be interesting to explore the correlation between these controlled morphologies and catalytic activities. Project Aims This project will therefore aim at synthesising various morphologies of mono and bimetallic noble metal nanoparticles, with optimum control of the morphology during the synthesis. Starting with gold, we will also explore the use of colloidal methods in immobilizing the preformed nanoparticles with selected morphologies and narrow particle size distribution e.g. gold nanorods, onto suitable supports to form heterogeneous catalysts. Since the rods expose certain crystallographic planes more than most other morphologies and also have comparatively low coordination sites, they can be potentially more selective for reactions that preferably occur on low coordination sites. As a starting point we will therefore, explore their use as supported heterogeneous catalysts in selective oxidation and hydrogenation reactions for biomass transformation. References [1]M.-C. Daniel, D. Astruc, Chemical reviews 2004, 104, 293-346. [2]J. Pà ©rez-Juste, I. Pastoriza-Santos, L. M. Liz-Marzà ¡n, P. Mulvaney, Coordination Chemistry Reviews 2005, 249, 1870-1901. [3]M. L. Personick, C. A. Mirkin, Journal of the American Chemical Society 2013, 135, 18238-18247. [4]X. Ma, M.-C. Wang, J. Feng, X. Zhao, Acta Materialia 2015, 85, 322-330. [5]C. J. Murphy, T. K. Sau, A. M. Gole, C. J. Orendorff, J. Gao, L. Gou, S. E. Hunyadi, T. Li, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2005, 109, 13857-13870. [6]L. T. Lanh, T. T. Hoa, N. D. Cuong, D. Q. Khieu, D. T. Quang, N. Van Duy, N. D. Hoa, N. Van Hieu, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2015, 635, 265-271. [7]G. A. Somorjai, H. Frei, J. Y. Park, Journal of the American Chemical Society 2009, 131, 16589-16605. [8]J. E. Millstone, S. J. Hurst, G. S. Mà ©traux, J. I. Cutler, C. A. Mirkin, Small 2009, 5, 646-664. [9]M. R. Jones, K. D. Osberg, R. J. Macfarlane, M. R. Langille, C. A. Mirkin, Chemical reviews 2011, 111, 3736-3827. [10]A. R. Tao, S. Habas, P. Yang, small 2008, 4, 310-325. [11]N. Tian, Z.-Y. Zhou, S.-G. Sun, Y. Ding, Z. L. Wang, science 2007, 316, 732-735. [12]K. L. Kelly, E. Coronado, L. L. Zhao, G. C. Schatz, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2003, 107, 668-677. [13]M. Treguer-Delapierre, J. Majimel, S. Mornet, E. Duguet, S. Ravaine, Gold Bulletin 2008, 41, 195-207. [14]S. Koeppl, N. Ghielmetti, W. Caseri, R. Spolenak, J Nanopart Res 2013, 15, 1-11. [15]S.-S. Chang, C.-W. Shih, C.-D. Chen, W.-C. Lai, C. R. C. Wang, Langmuir 1999, 15, 701-709. [16]X. Ma, M.-C. Wang, J. Feng, X. Zhao, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2015, 637, 36-43. [17]C. Burda, X. Chen, R. Narayanan, M. A. El-Sayed, Chemical reviews 2005, 105, 1025-1102. [18]R. L. Garrell, Analytical Chemistry 1989, 61, 401A-411A. [19]A. Campion, P. Kambhampati, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1998, 27, 241-250. [20]G. L. Hornyak, C. J. Patrissi, C. R. Martin, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 1997, 101, 1548-1555. [21]K. L. Kelly, E. Coronado, L. L. Zhao, G. C. Schatz, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2003, 107, 668-677. [22]I. O. Sosa, C. Noguez, R. G. Barrera, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2003, 107, 6269-6275. [23]S. Eustis, M. A. El-Sayed, Chemical society reviews 2006, 35, 209-217. [24]G. Budroni, A. Corma, Journal of Catalysis 2008, 257, 403-408. [25]M. Boronat, 2013, 25, 50-76. [26]O. Casanova, S. Iborra, A. Corma, ChemSusChem 2009, 2, 1138-1144. [27]S. Albonetti, T. Pasini, A. Lolli, M. Blosi, M. Piccinini, N. Dimitratos, J. A. Lopez-Sanchez, D. J. Morgan, A. F. Carley, G. J. Hutchings, F. Cavani, Catalysis Today 2012, 195, 120-126. [28]L.-S. Zhong, J.-S. Hu, Z.-M. Cui, L.-J. Wan, W.-G. Song, Chemistry of Materials 2007, 19, 4557-4562. [29]S. E. Davis, B. N. Zope, R. J. Davis, Green Chemistry 2012, 14, 143-147. 1

History of Perfume and Fragrances Essay examples -- Hygiene Smell Essa

History of Perfume and Fragrances The history of perfume is a reflection of humanity: a means of exchange, a protection against disease, a potion with divine virtues, a gallant message, which reflects society, perceptibly communicating its sense of commerce and medicine, of the sacred and the sensual. The word "perfume" comes from the Latin per fume "through smoke". This refers to the original use of fragrances - the burning of incense and herbs as a religious offering. Perfume is made up of denatured ethyl alcohol and essential oils. The different names refer to the percentage of essential oils, and thus the strength of the scent. Perfume: 22% of essential oils. Eau de Parfum: 15 - 22% Eau de Toilette: 8 - 15% Eau de Cologne: 4% Ancient Time During the civilizations of antiquity, perfume was presented as an offering to the gods. It was believed to sublimate the body and make it more god-like. 10th Century BC: The Medes, ancestors of today’s Kurds are generally given credit for the invention and widespread use of perfumes, presumably to hide certain smells originating from overeating and failure to observe what are now common hygienic practices. 1580-1085 BC: The Egyptians create perfumes for daily consumer use and ultimately, use in religious ceremonies. Egyptian women used perfumed creams and oils as toiletries, cosmetics and aids to lovemaking. Queen Cleopatra was reported to use opiates and perfumes to seduce her many lovers and she may be the first to invent pomades from bear grease. Perfumes, especially those developed from resins, were originally used to appease the gods but in time they became more important in the embalming process for chemical reasons. Materials with drying agents like asphal... ...n Klein's, Yves St Laurent’s, and Nina Ricci's. Conclusion In the end, history of perfume shows how great human in developing what we call fashion. From all those history we know that there are a lot of perfume usages, like medicine, surgeon, etc. People developed not only the fragrances, but also the bottles. They also invented a lot of way to obtain the fragrances, like distilling oil from the petals of roses. After all, perfume is part of human history, without it our live is not complete. References: Maginnis, Tara. Perfumes For The Period Scent. The Costumer’s Manifesto.2 July 2003. <http://www.costumes.org/pages/perfume.htm>. Karppinen, Shannon. A View of the World of Perfume.2 July 2003. <http://zebra.sc.edu/smell/shannon/shannon.html>. Ackerman, Diane. A Natural History of the Senses. Vintage Books, New York. ISBN #0-679-73566-6.